Six Takeaways from the Senate Deal to End the Shutdown

After more than a month of stalemate, the Senate on Sunday took a crucial step toward reopening the government, when a small but critical group of Democrats broke from their party and voted with Republicans to advance legislation that would end the longest government shutdown in history
The shutdown is not over yet. Sunday’s 60-to-40 vote cleared the way for the Senate to formally debate the spending measure before a final vote. If the Senate approves it, the package still must be passed by the House — which has been on an extended recess and has not yet scheduled a return date — and signed by President Trump.
Still, the deal that senators reached on Sunday night reflected important lessons for both parties from the shutdown fight and is likely to have far-reaching policy and political implications long after the government grinds back to life. Here are six takeaways.
Democrats’ unity crumbled as the shutdown dragged on.
For 40 days, Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, the minority leader, kept his Democratic caucus unified as a government shutdown stretched into record-breaking territory.
But that discipline couldn’t hold forever, and it broke without Democrats achieving what they insisted was their chief demand in the fight: the extension of health insurance subsidies that are scheduled to expire at the end of the year.
The group of moderate senators who broke from their party said they could no longer hold out on a deal while Americans suffered the consequences of a shuttered government. And they cited a commitment from Senator John Thune of South Dakota, the Republican leader, that they would at least receive a vote on the tax credits sometime in December.
“This bill is not perfect, but it takes important steps to reduce their shutdown’s hurt,” Senator Richard J. Durbin of Illinois, the No. 2 Democrat, said in a statement explaining why he backed the deal.
Still, the promise of a vote does not guarantee that legislation will be passed. In fact, any measure to address health care subsidies faces long odds in a Republican-controlled Congress and given President Trump’s frequent broadsides against the Affordable Care Act.
As a result, the deal put bitter Democratic divisions on display. Mr. Schumer tersely told reporters that he would not vote for the bill because it lacked health care provisions, and he voiced objections on the Senate floor.
House Democrats, including the minority leader, Representative Hakeem Jeffries of New York, blasted the deal as insufficient.
“House Democrats have consistently maintained that bipartisan legislation that funds the government must also decisively address the Republican health care crisis,” he said in a statement.
Representative Ro Khanna of California went a step further, saying that Mr. Schumer “is no longer effective and should be replaced.”
“If you can’t lead the fight to stop healthcare premiums from skyrocketing for Americans, what will you fight for?” he said in a social media post.
Their bid to win health care concessions in the shutdown deal failed. Health care premiums, at least for now, are on track to rise, at a time when Americans say they are worried about paying for medical care.
But the political silver lining for Democrats is that Republicans will now be under pressure to either embrace a measure that could bring down those costs or answer to voters who polls show are overwhelmingly in favor of doing so.
If the agreement holds and the shutdown ends, the spotlight will shift to the vote Mr. Thune has promised on whether to extend the health care tax credits, and Democrats made clear that they intend to continue to pressure Republicans on the issue.
“We are going to fight legislatively, fight back home, fight in the courts, and bring this fight in the elections,” Mr. Schumer said on the Senate floor. “Healthcare costs made a major impact on the 2025 election, and they will certainly have an even greater impact on the 2026 election.”
One indicator that Democrats expect the health care fight to define the political debate to come: Every single Democratic senator who is running for re-election next year opposed the shutdown deal.
The eight who backed it included senators who could afford to take a political hit, including two who are retiring, Mr. Durbin and Senator Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire. Three others — Senators John Fetterman of Pennsylvania, Catherine Cortez Masto of Nevada, and Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire — are not up for re-election until 2028. And the remaining trio don’t face voters again until 2030: Senators Tim Kaine of Virginia, Jacky Rosen of Nevada and Mr. King.
Trump’s pressure tactics worked — even as voters blamed his party.
Mr. Thune had been offering for weeks to give Democrats a vote on extending the health care subsidies. They only relented after the Trump administration had made the consequences of the shutdown too painful to ignore.
Asked what finally persuaded enough Democrats to break with their party, Senator Angus King, a Maine independent who caucuses with Democrats and helped negotiate the deal, offered a simple answer: the harm was growing too acute.
“I think people were saying ‘We’re not going to get what we want,’” on the health subsidies, Mr. King said. “But in the meantime, a lot of people are being hurt.”
The group of people affected by the shutdown grew with each week, beyond the hundreds of thousands of federal workers who have not been paid for weeks. The Trump administration’s legal fight to avoid paying SNAP food assistance benefits put tens of millions of Americans at risk of going hungry. And its decision to ratchet back air traffic capacity ensnared millions of others in air travel disruptions and flight cancellations that began over the weekend.
And even though polls showed that voters were generally blaming Republicans more for the shutdown — an assessment Mr. Trump said last week that he shared — a handful of Democrats ultimately decided enough was enough.
“We must extend the A.C.A. enhanced premium tax credits, but that can’t come at the expense of the millions of Americans across our country impacted by a shutdown,” Senator Catherine Cortez Masto of Nevada, who backed the deal, said in a statement.
Not so with Mr. Trump.
The president did not once invite Democratic leaders to the White House during the shutdown to negotiate. He did not travel to the Capitol to show that he was leading the way toward a solution.
Instead, he stoked the impasse in social media posts in which he vehemently encouraged Republicans to hold the line, a message he communicated to G.O.P. senators in person at two gatherings at the White House. He cast Democrats as intransigent, and as the consequences of the shutdown mounted, he urged G.O.P. senators to find a way around them, including by ending the legislative filibuster.
As a deal was coming together on Sunday night, Mr. Trump was at a football game in Maryland, and his sole comment to reporters when he returned to the White House was: “It looks like we’re getting very close to the shutdown ending.” Still, Senator Markwayne Mullin, an Oklahoma Republican, said that the White House had given the deal its blessing.
And so did Republican leaders.
Speaker Mike Johnson led Republicans to pass a stopgap measure to fund the government on Sept. 19. Then, he sent it over to the Senate and told his lawmakers to head back to their districts.
There they have stayed for weeks on end, as Mr. Johnson insisted that there was no reason for him or his conference to negotiate, because the House had already done its job. In doing so, he marginalized both himself and his chamber.
Mr. Thune, for his part, refused to move from his initial offer: a simple stopgap spending measure that would fund the government at existing levels. Throughout the shutdown, he maintained that Democrats were being unreasonable and that there was no reason to compromise or to tie funding the government to a health care measure.
He ultimately left it to moderates in his party to cut a deal to allow the government to reopen, often sounding more like a spectator than a leader as he professed uncertainty about exactly what deal might be possible when.
The group of negotiators included Senator Susan Collins of Maine, the Republican chairwoman of the Appropriations Committee, who said she was eager to return to the regular functioning of the congressional spending process.
“Let’s get the job done and let’s do it fast,” she said.
Democrats notched a few gains.
Though health care was their major focus, Senate Democrats won some concessions in their fight against the Trump administration’s concerted effort to reconfigure and diminish the federal government.
Their biggest win was language that would restore the jobs of thousands of federal workers who were laid off during the shutdown and bar further reductions-in-force through Jan. 30, while guaranteeing back pay for hundreds of thousands of others who were furloughed, as required by law.